Publications

2023

• Iiro Honkala’s contributions to some conjectures on identifying codes
  
  • Hudry Olivier
  , 2023.
• AI models for digital signal processing in future 6G-IoT networks
  
  • Larue Guillaume
  , 2023. Wireless technologies are of paramount importance to today's societies and future 6th generation communication networks are expected to address many societal and technological challenges. While communications infrastructures have a growing environmental impact that needs to be reduced, digital technologies also have a role to play in reducing the impact of all sectors of the economy. To this end, the future networks will not only have to enable more efficient information transfer, but also meet the growing need for data exchange capacity. This is particularly the role of the Internet of Things use cases, where a massive number of sensors allow to monitor complex systems. These use cases are associated with many constraints such as limited energy resources and complexity. Therefore, an efficient and low-complexity physical layer - responsible for the transmission of information between the network nodes - is absolutely crucial. In this regard, the use of artificial intelligence techniques is relevant. On the one hand, the mathematical framework of neural networks allows for efficient and low-cost generic hardware implementations. On the other hand, the application of learning procedures can improve the performance of certain algorithms. In this work, we are interested in the use of neural networks and machine learning for digital signal processing in the context of 6G-IoT networks. First, we are interested in the transcription of certain equalisation, demodulation and decoding algorithms from the digital communications literature into neural networks. Secondly, we are interested in the application of learning mechanisms on these neural network structures in order to improve their performance. A linear block decoder is proposed which allows the blind discovery of a decoding scheme whose performance is at least equivalent to that of the reference decoder. Finally, an end-to-end structure is presented, allowing joint learning of an encoding/decoding scheme with performance and complexity comparable to state-of-the-art solutions.
• Function-valued regression with kernels : Improving speed, flexibility and robustness
  
  • Bouche Dimitri
  , 2023. With the increasing ubiquity of data-collecting devices, a great variety of phenomena is monitored with finer and finer accuracy, which constantly expands the scope of Machine Learning applications. Dealing with such volume of data efficiently is however challenging. Fortunately, as measurements get denser, they may become gradually redundant. We can then greatly reduce the burden by finding a representation which exploits properties of the generating process and/or is tailored for the application at hand.This thesis revolves around an aspect of this idea: functional data. Data indeed consist of discrete measurements, but sometimes thinking of those as functional, we can exploit prior knowledge on smoothness to obtain a better yet lower dimensional representation. The focus is on nonlinear models for functional output regression (FOR), relying on an extension of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces for vector-valued functions (vv-RKHS), which is the cornerstone of many nonlinear existing FOR methods. We propose to challenge those in two aspects: their computational complexity with respect to the number of measurements per function and their focusing solely on the square loss.To that end, we introduce the new framework of kernel projection learning (KPL) combining vv-RKHSs and representation of signals in dictionaries. The loss remains functional, however the model predicts only a finite number of representation coefficients. This approach retains the many advantages of vv-RKHSs yet greatly alleviates the computational burden incurred by the functional outputs. We derive two estimators in closed-form using the square loss, one for fully observed functions and one for discretized ones. We show that both are consistent in terms of excess risk. We demonstrate as well the possibility to use other differentiable and convex losses, to combine this framework with large scale kernel methods and to automatically select the dictionary using a structured penalty.In another contribution, we propose to solve the regression problem in vv-RKHSs of function-valued functions for the family of convoluted losses which we introduce. Those losses can either promote sparsity or robustness with a parameter controlling the degree of locality of those properties. Thanks to their structure, they are particularly amenable to dual approaches which we investigate. We then overcome the challenges posed by the functional nature of the dual variables by proposing two possible representations and we propose corresponding algorithms.
• Demonstration Of Performance For Low Cost Personal HSM
  
  • Urien Pascal
  , 2023, pp.879-880. This demonstration presents an original personal Hardware Secure Module (HSM) server, built from grid of secure elements and host system (Raspberry Pi), with internet connectivity. Each secure element is plugged in a board with a microcontroller providing I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) interface. The host system executes the open software IoSEv5 (Internet of Secure Elements version 5), which manages two T CP/IP daemons. First is used for downloading software in secure elements, second is a TLS front server that send/receive TLS packets to/from TLS backend servers running in secure elements. Applications hosted in secure elements implement a keystore, which stores cryptographic keys and computes signature over 256 bits elliptic curve. The demonstration shows the grid at work with 16 simultaneous TLS sessions performing signature operation. It shows that performance follows the Amdahl's law, with a speeding factor of about 50. (10.1109/CCNC51644.2023.10060586)
  DOI : 10.1109/CCNC51644.2023.10060586
• Towards a centralized security architecture for SOME/IP automotive services
  
  • Khemissa Hamza
  • Urien Pascal
  , 2023, pp.977-978. Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) consist of a number of networked computer components, called Electronic Control Units (ECUs). Scalable service-Oriented MiddlewarE over IP (SOME/IP) is a communication middleware standardized used to exchange various services between disjoint applications on distinct ECUs. However, it presents lack of authentication and confidentiality features. In this paper, we propose a centralized security architecture for SOME/IP automotive services. First, we present a lightweight symmetric cryptography based session key agreement scheme between each ECU and the manufacturer data center, which uses a random nonce, concatenation operator, a simple hash function and a keyedhash message authentication code (HMAC). Then, we define the security parameters between the different ECUs for the invehicle Ethernet-based communications. We propose the use of DTLS using pre-shared keys (DTLS-PSK) in order to secure the transmission of SOME/IP messages, (10.1109/CCNC51644.2023.10059950)
  DOI : 10.1109/CCNC51644.2023.10059950
• Public-attention-based Adversarial Attack on Traffic Sign Recognition
  
  • Chi Lijun
  • Msahli Mounira
  • Memmi Gerard
  • Qiu Han
  , 2023, pp.740-745. Autonomous driving systems (ADS) can instantaneously and accurately recognize traffic signs by using deep neural networks (DNNs). Although adversarial attacks are well-known to easily fool DNNs by adding tiny but malicious perturbations, most attack methods require sufficient information about the victim models (white-box) to perform. In this paper, we propose a black-box attack in the recognition system of ADS, Public Attention Attacks (PAA), that can attack a black-box model by collecting the generic attention patterns of other white-box DNNs to transfer the attack. Particularly, we select multiple dual or triple attention patterns of white-box model combinations to generate the transferable adversarial perturbations for PAA attacks. We perform the experimentation on four well-trained models in different adversarial settings separately. The results indicate that when more white-box models the adversary collects to perform PAA, the higher the attack success rate (ASR) he can achieve to attack the target black-box model. (10.1109/CCNC51644.2023.10060485)
  DOI : 10.1109/CCNC51644.2023.10060485
• Coalitional game-theoretical approach to coinvestment with application to edge computing
  
  • Patanè Rosario
  • Araldo Andrea
  • Chahed Tijani
  • Kiedanski Diego
  • Kofman Daniel
  , 2023, pp.517-522. We propose in this paper a coinvestment plan between several stakeholders of different types, namely a physical network owner, operating network nodes, e.g. a network operator or a tower company, and a set of service providers willing to use these resources to provide services as video streaming, augmented reality, autonomous driving assistance, etc. One such scenario is that of deployment of Edge Computing resources. Indeed, although the latter technology is ready, the high Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) cost of such resources is the barrier to its deployment. For this reason, a solid economical framework to guide the investment and the returns of the stakeholders is key to solve this issue. We formalize the coinvestment framework using coalitional game theory. We provide a solution to calculate how to divide the profits and costs among the stakeholders, taking into account their characteristics: traffic load, revenues, utility function. We prove that it is always possible to form the grand coalition composed of all the stakeholders, by showing that our game is convex. We derive the payoff of the stakeholders using the Shapley value concept, and elaborate on some properties of our game. We show our solution in simulation. (10.1109/CCNC51644.2023.10060093)
  DOI : 10.1109/CCNC51644.2023.10060093
• Compressing Explicit Voxel Grid Representations: fast NeRFs become also small
  
  • Deng Chenxi Lola
  • Tartaglione Enzo
  , 2023, pp.1236-1245. (10.1109/WACV56688.2023.00129)
  DOI : 10.1109/WACV56688.2023.00129
• Fuzzy Sets Methods in Image Processing and Understanding
  
  • Bloch Isabelle
  • Ralescu Anca
  , 2023. (10.1007/978-3-031-19425-2)
  DOI : 10.1007/978-3-031-19425-2
• Localization in 1D non-parametric latent space models from pairwise affinities
  
  • Giraud Christophe
  • Issartel Yann
  • Verzelen Nicolas
  Electronic Journal of Statistics, Shaker Heights, OH : Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2023, 17 (1), pp.1587-1662. We consider the problem of estimating latent positions in a one-dimensional torus from pairwise affinities. The observed affinity between a pair of items is modeled as a noisy observation of a function f (x*i , x*j) of the latent positions x*i, x*j of the two items on the torus. The affinity func-tion f is unknown, and it is only assumed to fulfill some shape constraints ensuring that f(x, y) is large when the distance between x and y is small, and vice-versa. This non-parametric modeling offers a good flexibility to fit data. We introduce an estimation procedure that provably localizes all the latent positions with a maximum error of the order of log(n)/n, with high-probability. This rate is proven to be minimax optimal. A computa-tionally efficient variant of the procedure is also analyzed under some more restrictive assumptions. Our general results can be instantiated to the prob-lem of statistical seriation, leading to new bounds for the maximum error in the ordering. (10.1214/23-ejs2134)
  DOI : 10.1214/23-ejs2134
• Next generation of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi networks
  
  • Lim Keun-Woo
  , 2023.
• PROCÉDÉ D'ÉVALUATION DE L'ÉTAT RELATIF D'UN MOTEUR D'AÉRONEF
  
  • Pineau Edouard
  • Razakarivony Sébastien
  • Bonald Thomas
  , 2023.
• Nonatomic Non-Cooperative Neighbourhood Balancing Games
  
  • Auger David
  • Cohen Johanne
  • Lobstein Antoine
  , 2023. We introduce a game where players selfishly choose a resource and endure a cost depending on the number of players choosing nearby resources. We model the influences among resources by a weighted graph, directed or not. These games are generalizations of well-known games like Wardrop and congestion games. We study the conditions of equilibria existence and their efficiency if they exist. We conclude with studies of games whose influences among resources can be modelled by simple graphs. (10.48550/arXiv.2303.08507)
  DOI : 10.48550/arXiv.2303.08507
• Multi-Agent Systems
  
  • Malvone Vadim
  • Murano Aniello
  , 2023, 14282, pp.XX-554. This volume LNCS 14282 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 20th European Conference EUMAS 2023, held in Naples, Italy, during September 2023. This volume includes 24 full papers and 5 short papers, carefully selected from 47 submissions. Additionally, the volume features 16 short papers, rigorously reviewed from 20 submissions for the PhD day. The conference focused on the theory and practice of autonomous agents and multi-agent systems, covering a wide range of topics. (10.1007/978-3-031-43264-4)
  DOI : 10.1007/978-3-031-43264-4
• Knowledge Bases and Language Models: Complementing Forces
  
  • Suchanek Fabian M.
  • Luu Anh Tuan
  , 2023. Large language models (LLMs), as a particular instance of generative articial intelligence, have revolutionized natural language processing. In this invited paper, we argue that LLMs are complementary to structured data repositories such as databases or knowledge bases, which use symbolic knowledge representations. Hence, the two ways of knowledge representation will likely continue to co-exist, at least in the near future. We discuss ways that have been explored to make the two approaches work together, and point out opportunities and challenges for their symbiosis.
• PrivacyGAN: robust generative image privacy
  
  • Zameshina Mariia
  • Careil Marlene
  • Teytaud Olivier
  • Najman Laurent
  , 2023. Classical techniques for protecting facial image privacy typically fall into two categories: data-poisoning methods, exemplified by Fawkes, which introduce subtle perturbations to images, or anonymization methods that generate images resembling the original only in several characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, or facial expression. In this study, we introduce a novel approach, PrivacyGAN, that uses the power of image generation techniques, such as VQGAN and StyleGAN, to safeguard privacy while maintaining image usability, particularly for social media applications. Drawing inspiration from Fawkes, our method entails shifting the original image within the embedding space towards a decoy image. We evaluate our approach using privacy metrics on traditional and novel facial image datasets. Additionally, we propose new criteria for evaluating the robustness of privacy-protection methods against unknown image recognition techniques, and we demonstrate that our approach is effective even in unknown embedding transfer scenarios. We also provide a human evaluation that further proves that the modified image preserves its utility as it remains recognisable as an image of the same person by friends and family.
• Contrast, Stylize and Adapt: Unsupervised Contrastive Learning Framework for Domain Adaptive Semantic Segmentation
  
  • Li Tianyu
  • Roy Subhankar
  • Zhou Huayi
  • Lu Hongtao
  • Lathuilière Stéphane
  , 2023. To overcome the domain gap between synthetic and real-world datasets, unsupervised domain adaptation methods have been proposed for semantic segmentation. Majority of the previous approaches have attempted to reduce the gap either at the pixel or feature level, disregarding the fact that the two components interact positively. To address this, we present CONtrastive FEaTure and pIxel alignment (CONFETI) for bridging the domain gap at both the pixel and feature levels using a unique contrastive formulation. We introduce well-estimated prototypes by including category-wise cross-domain information to link the two alignments: the pixel-level alignment is achieved using the jointly trained style transfer module with the prototypical semantic consistency, while the feature-level alignment is enforced to cross-domain features with the \textbf{pixel-to-prototype contrast}. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods using DeepLabV2. Our code is available at https://github.com/cxa9264/CONFETI
• Correlated twin-photon generation in a silicon nitride loaded thin film PPLN waveguide
  
  • Henry Antoine
  • Barral David
  • Zaquine Isabelle
  • Boes Andreas
  • Mitchell Arnan
  • Belabas Nadia
  • Bencheikh Kamel
  Optics Express, Optical Society of America - OSA Publishing, 2023, 31 (5), pp.7277. Photon-pair sources based on thin film lithium niobate on insulator technology have a great potential for integrated optical quantum information processing. We report on such a source of correlated twin-photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion in a silicon nitride (SiN) rib loaded thin film periodically poled lithium niobate (LN) waveguide. The generated correlated photon pairs have a wavelength centred at 1560 nm compatible with present telecom infrastructure, a large bandwidth (21 THz) and a brightness of ∼2.5 × 10 5 pairs/s/mW/GHz. Using the Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect, we have also shown heralded single photon emission, achieving an autocorrelation gH(2)(0) ≃ 0.04 . (10.1364/OE.479658)
  DOI : 10.1364/OE.479658
• Execution trace analysis for a precise understanding of latency violations
  
  • Zoor Maysam
  • Apvrille Ludovic
  • Pacalet Renaud
  • Coudert Sophie
  Software and Systems Modeling, Springer Verlag, 2023. Despite the amount of proposed works for the verification of embedded systems, understanding the root cause of violations of requirements in simulation or execution traces is still an openissue, especially when dealing with temporal properties such as latencies. Is the violation due to an unfavorable real-time scheduling, to contentions on buses, to the characteristics of functional algorithms or hardware components? The paper introduces the Precise Latency ANalysis approach (PLAN), a new trace analysis technique whose objective is to classify execution transactions according to their impact on latency. To do so, we rely first on a model transformation that builds up a dependency graph from an allocation model, thus including hardware and software aspects of a system model. Then, from this graph and an execution trace, our analysis can highlight how software or hardware elements contributed to the latency violation. The paper first formalizes the problem before applying our approach to simulation traces of SysML models. A case study defined in the AQUAS European project illustrates the relevance of our approach. Last, a performance evaluation gives computation times for several models and requirements. (10.1007/s10270-022-01076-z)
  DOI : 10.1007/s10270-022-01076-z
• Using the Uniqueness of Global Identifiers to Determine the Provenance of Python Software Source Code
  
  • Sun Yiming
  • German Daniel M.
  • Zacchiroli Stefano
  Empirical Software Engineering, Springer Verlag, 2023. We consider the problem of identifying the provenance of free/open source software (FOSS) and specifically the need of identifying where reused source code has been copied from. We propose a lightweight approach to solve the problem based on software identifiers—such as the names of variables, classes, and functions chosen by programmers. The proposed approach is able to efficiently narrow down to a small set of candidate origin products, to be further analyzed with more expensive techniques to make a final provenance determination. By analyzing the PyPI (Python Packaging Index) open source ecosystem we find that globally defined identifiers are very distinct. Across PyPI's 244 K packages we found 11.2 M different global identifiers (classes and method/function names—with only 0.6% of identifiers shared among the two types of entities); 76% of identifiers were used only in one package, and 93% in at most 3. Randomly selecting 3 non-frequent global identifiers from an input product is enough to narrow down its origins to a maximum of 3 products within 89% of the cases. We validate the proposed approach by mapping Debian source packages implemented in Python to the corresponding PyPI packages; this approach uses at most five trials, where each trial uses three randomly chosen global identifiers from a randomly chosen python file of the subject software package, then ranks results using a popularity index and requires to inspect only the top result. In our experiments, this method is effective at finding the true origin of a project with a recall of 0.9 and precision of 0.77. (10.1007/s10664-023-10317-8)
  DOI : 10.1007/s10664-023-10317-8
• Locally differentially private estimation of nonlinear functionals of discrete distributions
  
  • Butucea Cristina
  • Issartel Yann
  Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2023. We study the problem of estimating non-linear functionals of discrete distributions in the context of local differential privacy. The initial data $x_1,\ldots,x_n \in [K]$ are supposed i.i.d. and distributed according to an unknown discrete distribution $p = (p_1,\ldots,p_K)$. Only $\alpha$-locally differentially private (LDP) samples $z_1,...,z_n$ are publicly available, where the term 'local' means that each $z_i$ is produced using one individual attribute $x_i$. We exhibit privacy mechanisms (PM) that are interactive (i.e. they are allowed to use already published confidential data) or non-interactive. We describe the behavior of the quadratic risk for estimating the power sum functional $F_{\gamma} = \sum_{k=1}^K p_k^{\gamma}$, $\gamma >0$ as a function of $K, \, n$ and $\alpha$. In the non-interactive case, we study two plug-in type estimators of $F_{\gamma}$, for all $\gamma >0$, that are similar to the MLE analyzed by Jiao et al. (2017) in the multinomial model. However, due to the privacy constraint the rates we attain are slower and similar to those obtained in the Gaussian model by Collier et al. (2020). In the interactive case, we introduce for all $\gamma >1$ a two-step procedure which attains the faster parametric rate $(n \alpha^2)^{-1/2}$ when $\gamma \geq 2$. We give lower bounds results over all $\alpha$-LDP mechanisms and all estimators using the private samples.
• Scaling by subsampling for big data, with applications to statistical learning
  
  • Bertail Patrice
  • Bouchouia Mohammed
  • Jelassi Ons
  • Tressou Jessica
  • Zetlaoui Mélanie
  Journal of Nonparametric Statistics, American Statistical Association, 2023, 36 (1), pp.78-117. Handling large datasets and calculating complex statistics on huge datasets require important computing resources. Using subsampling methods to calculate statistics of interest on small samples is often used in practice to reduce computational complexity, for instance using the divide and conquer strategy. In this article, we recall some results on subsampling distributions and derive a precise rate of convergence for these quantities and the corresponding quantiles. We also develop some standardization techniques based on subsampling unstandardized statistics in the framework of large datasets. It is argued that using several subsampling distributions with different subsampling sizes brings a lot of information on the behavior of statistical learning procedures: subsampling allows to estimate the rate of convergence of different algorithms, to estimate the variability of complex statistics, to estimate confidence intervals for out-of-sample errors and interpolate their values at larger scales. These results are illustrated on simulations, but also on two important datasets, frequently analyzed in the statistical learning community, EMNIST (recognition of digits) and VeReMi (analysis of Network Vehicular Reference Misbehavior). (10.1080/10485252.2023.2219782)
  DOI : 10.1080/10485252.2023.2219782
• Phase estimation at the point-ahead angle for AO pre-compensated ground to GEO satellite telecoms
  
  • Lognoné Perrine
  • Conan Jean-Marc
  • Rekaya Ghaya
  • Védrenne Nicolas
  Optics Express, Optical Society of America - OSA Publishing, 2023, 31 (3), pp.3441. We present a new method to estimate the off-axis adaptive optics pre-compensation phase of a ground to GEO satellite telecom link suffering from point-ahead anisoplanatism. The proposed phase estimator relies on the downlink phase and log-amplitude measurements that are available at the optical ground station. We introduce the analytical tools, extended from the literature, to build the estimator as well as a general modal formalism to express the reciprocal residual phase covariance matrix resulting from any estimation linear with measurements. We use this residual phase covariance matrix to generate independent coupled flux samples thanks to a pseudo-analytical approach and study the gain offered by the proposed estimator on the coupled flux statistics, in various atmospheric conditions. The estimator is shown to reduce the anisoplanatic residual phase variance by at least 35%, and 46% at best, with a greater impact on the lower modes, especially on the tip and tilt residual phase variances. The phase variance reduction brings a gain up to 15 dB on the cumulative density function at probability 10 −3 . This gain should allow to relax the power constraints on the link budget at the OGS and renews the interest in large aperture diameter (60 cm class telescopes) for GEO Feeder links by reducing the atmospheric turbulence impact on the uplink coupled signal. (10.1364/OE.476328)
  DOI : 10.1364/OE.476328
• (Adversarial) Electromagnetic Disturbance in the Industry
  
  • Beckers Arthur
  • Guilley Sylvain
  • Maurine Philippe
  • O'Flynn Colin
  • Picek Stjepan
  IEEE Transactions on Computers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2023, 72 (2), pp.414-422. Faults occur naturally and are responsible for reliability concerns. Faults are also an interesting tool for attackers to extract sensitive information from secure chips. In particular, non-invasive fault attacks have received a fair amount of attention. One easy way to perturb a chip without altering it is the so-called Electromagnetic Fault Injection (EMFI). Such attack has been studied in great depth, and nowadays, it is part and parcel of the state-of-the-art. Indeed, new capabilities have emerged where EM experimental benches are used to cryptanalyze chips. The progress of this "field" is fast, in terms of reproducibility, accuracy, and number of use-cases. However, there is too little awareness about such advances. In this paper, we aim to expose the true harmfulness of EMFI (including reproducibility) to enable reasonable security quotations. We also analyze protections (at hardware/firmware/system levels) in light of their efficiency. We characterize the specificity of EM fault injection compared to other injection means (laser, glitch, probing). (10.1109/TC.2022.3224373)
  DOI : 10.1109/TC.2022.3224373
• Integration of heterogeneous components for co-simulation
  
  • Jerray Jawher
  • Ameur-Boulifa Rabéa
  • Apvrille Ludovic
  , 2023. Because of their complexity, embedded systems are designed with sub-systems or components taken in charge by different development teams or entities and with different modeling frameworks and simulation tools, depending on the characteristics of each component. Unfortunately, this diversity of tools and semantics makes the integration of these heterogeneous components difficult. Thus, to evaluate their integration before their hardware or software is available, one solution would be to merge them into a common modeling framework. Yet, such a holistic environment supporting many computation and computation semantics seems hard to settle. Another solution we investigate in this paper is to generically link their respective simulation environments in order to keep the strength and semantics of each component environment. The paper presents a method to simulate heterogeneous components of embedded systems in real-time. These components can be described at any abstraction level. Our main contribution is a generic glue that can analyze in real-time the state of different simulation environments and accordingly enforce the correct communication semantics between components. Once presented in a generic way, our glue is illustrated with Apache Kafka as the communication facility between simulation engines. It is then applied to two model and simulation frameworks: TTool and SystemC. Finally, Zigbee serves as a case study to illustrate the strengths of our approach.